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Zx Spectrum

Hardware

ZX Spectrum 48K motherboard (Issue 3B  1983, heat sink removed)

The Spectrum is based on a Zilog Z80A CPU running at 3.5 MHz (or NEC D780C-1 clone). The original model Spectrum has 16 KB (161024 bytes) of ROM and either 16 KB or 48 KB of RAM. Hardware design was by Richard Altwasser of Sinclair Research, and the machine's outward appearance was designed by Sinclair's industrial designer Rick Dickinson.

Video output is through an RF modulator and was designed for use with contemporary portable television sets, for a simple colour graphic display. Text can be displayed using 32 columns 24 rows of characters from the ZX Spectrum character set or from a set provided within an application, from a palette of 15 shades: seven colours at two levels of brightness each, plus black. The image resolution is 256192 with the same colour limitations. To conserve memory, colour is stored separate from the pixel bitmap in a low resolution, 3224 grid overlay, corresponding to the character cells. Altwasser received a patent for this design.

An "attribute" consists of a foreground and a background colour, a brightness level (normal or bright) and a flashing "flag" which, when set, causes the two colours to swap at regular intervals. Unfortunately, this scheme leads to what was dubbed colour clash or attribute clash with some bizarre effects in the animated graphics of arcade style games. This problem became a distinctive feature of the Spectrum and an in-joke among Spectrum users, as well as a point of derision by advocates of other systems. Other machines available around the same time, for example the Amstrad CPC, did not suffer from this limitation. The Commodore 64 used colour attributes in a similar way, but a special multicolour mode, hardware sprites and scrolling were used to avoid attribute clash.

Sound output is through a beeper on the machine itself. This is capable of producing one channel with 10 octaves. The machine also includes an expansion bus edge connector and audio in/out ports for the connection of a cassette recorder for loading and saving programs and data.

The machine's Sinclair BASIC interpreter is stored in ROM (along with fundamental system-routines) and was written by Steve Vickers on contract from Nine Tiles Ltd. The Spectrum's chiclet keyboard (on top of a membrane, similar to calculator keys) is marked with BASIC keywords, so that, for example, pressing "G" when in programming mode would insert the BASIC command GO TO.

Models

Pre-production designs

Rick Dickinson came up with a number of designs called the ZX82 before the finalised ZX Spectrum. A number of the keyboard legends changed during the design phase including ARC becoming CIRCLE, FORE becoming INK and BACK becoming PAPER.

Sinclair Research models

ZX Spectrum 16K/48K

ZX Spectrum 16K/48K (Dimensions (mm): 233x144x30 (WxHxD) @ ~552 grams).

The original ZX Spectrum is remembered for its rubber keyboard, diminutive size and distinctive rainbow motif. It was originally released in 1982 with 16 KB of RAM for 125 Sterling or with 48 KB for 175; these prices were later reduced to 99 and 129 respectively. Owners of the 16 KB model could purchase an internal 32 KB RAM upgrade, which for early "Issue 1" machines consisted of a daughterboard. Later issue machines required the fitting of 8 dynamic RAM chips and a few TTL chips. Users could mail their 16K Spectrums to Sinclair to be upgraded to 48 KB versions. To reduce the price, the 32 KB extension used eight faulty 64 kilobit chips with only one half of their capacity working and/or available. External 32 KB RAM packs that mounted in the rear expansion slot were also available from third parties. Both machines had 16 KB of onboard ROM.

About 60,000 "Issue 1" ZX Spectrums were manufactured; they can be distinguished from later models by the colour of the keys (light grey for Issue 1, blue-grey for later models).

ZX Spectrum+

ZX Spectrum+ (Dimensions (mm): 319x149x38 (WxHxD))

Planning of the ZX Spectrum+ started in June 1984, and the machine was released in October the same year. This 48 KB Spectrum (development code-name TB) introduced a new QL-style case with an injection-moulded keyboard and a reset button. Electronically, it was identical to the previous 48 KB model. It retailed for 179.95. A DIY conversion-kit for older machines was also available. Early on, the machine outsold the rubber-key model 2:1; however, some retailers reported a failure rate of up to 30%, compared with a more usual 5-6%.

ZX Spectrum 128

ZX Spectrum 128

Sinclair developed the ZX Spectrum 128 (code-named Derby) in conjunction with their Spanish distributor Investrnica. Investrnica had helped adapt the ZX Spectrum+ to the Spanish market after the Spanish government introduced a special tax on all computers with 64 KB RAM or less which did not support the Spanish alphabet (such as ) and show messages in Spanish.

New features included 128 KB RAM, three-channel audio via the AY-3-8912 chip, MIDI compatibility, an RS-232 serial port, an RGB monitor port, 32 KB of ROM including an improved BASIC editor, and an external keypad.

The machine was simultaneously presented for the first time and launched in September 1985 at the SIMO '85 trade show in Spain, with a price of 44,250 pesetas. Because of the large number of unsold Spectrum+ models, Sinclair decided not to start selling in the UK until January 1986 at a price of 179.95. No external keypad was available for the UK release, although the ROM routines to use it and the port itself, which was hastily renamed "AUX", remained.

The Z80 processor used in the Spectrum has a 16-bit address bus, which means only 64 KB of memory can be directly addressed. To facilitate the extra 80 KB of RAM the designers used bank switching so that the new memory would be available as eight pages of 16 KB at the top of the address space. The same technique was also used to page between the new 16 KB editor ROM and the original 16 KB BASIC ROM at the bottom of the address space.

The new sound chip and MIDI out abilities were exposed to the BASIC programming language with the command PLAY and a new command SPECTRUM was added to switch the machine into 48K mode, keeping the current BASIC program intact (although there is no way to switch back to 128K mode). To enable BASIC programmers to access the additional memory, a RAM disk was created where files could be stored in the additional 80 KB of RAM. The new commands took the place of two existing user-defined-character spaces causing compatibility problems with some BASIC programs.

The Spanish version had the "128K" logo in white while the English one had the same logo in red.

Amstrad models

ZX Spectrum +2

ZX Spectrum +2

The ZX Spectrum +2 was Amstrad's first Spectrum, coming shortly after their purchase of the Spectrum range and "Sinclair" brand in 1986. The machine featured an all-new grey case featuring a spring-loaded keyboard, dual joystick ports, and a built-in cassette recorder dubbed the "Datacorder" (like the Amstrad CPC 464), but was in most respects identical to the ZX Spectrum 128. The main menu screen lacked the Spectrum 128's "Tape Test" option, and the ROM was altered to account for a new 1986 Amstrad copyright message. These changes resulted in minor incompatibility problems with software that accessed ROM routines at certain addresses. Production costs had been reduced and the retail price dropped to 139149.

The new keyboard did not include the BASIC keyword markings that were found on earlier Spectrums, except for the keywords LOAD, CODE and RUN which were useful for loading software. This was not a major issue however, as the +2 boasted a menu system, almost identical to the ZX Spectrum 128, where one could switch between 48k BASIC programming with the keywords, and 128k BASIC programming in which all words (keywords and otherwise) must be typed out in full (although the keywords are still stored internally as one character each). Despite these changes, the layout remained identical to that of the 128.

ZX Spectrum +2A

ZX Spectrum +2A

The ZX Spectrum +2A was produced to homogenise Amstrad's range in 1987. Although the case reads "ZX Spectrum +2", the +2A/B is easily distinguishable from the original +2 as the case was restored to the standard Spectrum black.

The +2A was derived from Amstrad's +3 4.1 ROM model, using a new motherboard which vastly reduced the chip count, integrating many of them into a new ASIC. The +2A replaced the +3's disk drive and associated hardware with a tape drive, as in the original +2. Originally, Amstrad planned to introduce an additional disk interface, but this never appeared. If an external disk drive was added, the "+2A" on the system OS menu would change to a +3. As with the ZX Spectrum +3, some older 48K, and a few older 128K, games were incompatible with the machine.

ZX Spectrum +2B

The ZX Spectrum +2B signified a manufacturing move from Hong Kong to Taiwan later in 1987.

ZX Spectrum +3

ZX Spectrum +3

The ZX Spectrum +3 looked similar to the +2 but featured a built-in 3-inch floppy disk drive (like the Amstrad CPC 6128) instead of the tape drive, and was in a black case. It was launched in 1987, initially retailed for 249 and then later 199 and was the only Spectrum capable of running the CP/M operating system without additional hardware.

The +3 saw the addition of two more 16 KB ROMs. One was home to the second part of the reorganised 128 ROM and the other hosted the +3's disk operating system. This was a modified version of Amstrad's AMSDOS, called +3DOS. These two new 16 KB ROMs and the original two 16 KB ROMs were now physically implemented together as two 32 KB chips. To be able to run CP/M, which requires RAM at the bottom of the address space, the bank-switching was further improved, allowing the ROM to be paged out for another 16 KB of RAM.

Such core changes brought incompatibilities:

Removal of several lines on the expansion bus edge connector (video, power, and IORQGE); caused many external devices problems; some such as the VTX5000 modem could be used via the "FixIt" device

Dividing ROMCS into 2 lines, to disable both ROMs

Reading a non-existent I/O port no longer returned the last attribute; caused some games such as Arkanoid to be unplayable

Memory timing changes; some of the RAM banks were now contended causing high-speed colour-changing effects to fail

The keypad scanning routines from the ROM were removed

move 1 byte address in ROM

Some older 48K, and a few older 128K, games were incompatible with the machine.

The +3 was the final official model of the Spectrum to be manufactured, remaining in production until December 1990. Although still accounting for one third of all home computer sales in the UK at the time, production of the model was ceased by Amstrad at that point.

Clones

Didaktik M

See also: list of ZX Spectrum clones

Sinclair licensed the Spectrum design to Timex Corporation in the United States. An enhanced version of the Spectrum with better sound, graphics and other modifications was marketed in the USA by Timex as the Timex Sinclair 2068. Timex's derivatives were largely incompatible with Sinclair systems. However, some of the Timex innovations were later adopted by Sinclair Research. A case in point was the abortive Pandora portable Spectrum, whose ULA had the high resolution video mode pioneered in the TS2068. Pandora had a flat-screen monitor and Microdrives and was intended to be Sinclair's business portable. When Alan Sugar bought the computer side of Sinclair it got ditched (a conversation with UK computer journalist Guy Kewney went thus: AS: "Have you seen it?" GK: "Yes" AS: "Well then.").

In the UK, Spectrum peripheral vendor Miles Gordon Technology (MGT) released the SAM Coup as a potential successor with some Spectrum compatibility. However, by this point, the Commodore Amiga and Atari ST had taken hold of the market, leaving MGT in eventual receivership.

Many unofficial Spectrum clones were produced, especially in the former Eastern Bloc countries (e.g. in Romania, several models were produced (Tim-S, HC85, HC91, Cobra, Junior, CIP, CIP 3, Jet) , some featuring CP/M and a 5.25"/3.5" floppy disk) and South America (e.g. Microdigital TK 90X and TK 95). In the Soviet Union, ZX Spectrum clones were assembled by thousands of small start-ups and distributed though poster ads and street stalls. Over 50 such clone models existed. Some of them are still being produced, such as the Pentagon and ATM Turbo. In India, Decibells Electronics introduced a licensed version of the Spectrum+ in 1986. Dubbed the "db Spectrum+", it did reasonably well in the Indian market and sold quite a few thousand until 1990 when the market died away.

Peripherals

Several peripherals for the Spectrum were marketed by Sinclair: the ZX Printer was already on the market, as the ZX Spectrum expansion bus was backwards-compatible with that of the ZX81.

The ZX Interface 1 add-on module included 8 KB of ROM, an RS-232 serial port, a proprietary LAN interface (called ZX Net), and an interface for the connection of up to eight ZX Microdrives  somewhat unreliable but speedy tape-loop cartridge storage devices released in July 1983. These were later used in a revised version on the Sinclair QL, whose storage format was electrically compatible but logically incompatible with the Spectrum's. Sinclair also released the ZX Interface 2 which added two joystick ports and a ROM cartridge port.

There were also a plethora of third-party hardware addons. The better known of these included the Kempston joystick interface, the Morex Peripherals Centronics/RS-232 interface, the Currah Microspeech unit (speech synthesis), Videoface Digitiser, RAM pack, the Cheetah Marketing SpecDrum, a drum machine, and the Multiface, a snapshot and disassembly tool from Romantic Robot. Keyboards were especially popular in view of the original's notorious "dead flesh" feel.

ZX Printer

ZX Interface 1

ZX Interface 2

ZX Microdrive

Kempston joystick interface

There were numerous disk drive interfaces, including the Abbeydale Designers/Watford Electronics SPDOS, Abbeydale Designers/Kempston KDOS and Opus Discovery. The SPDOS and KDOS interfaces were the first to come bundled with Office productivity software (Tasword Word Processor, Masterfile database and OmniCalc spreadsheet). This bundle, together with OCP's Stock Control, Finance and Payroll systems, introduced many small businesses to a streamlined, computerised operation. The most popular floppy disk systems (except in East Europe) were the DISCiPLE and +D systems released by Miles Gordon Technology in 1987 and 1988 respectively. Both systems had the ability to store memory images onto disk snapshots could later be used to restore the Spectrum to its exact previous state. They were also both compatible with the Microdrive command syntax, which made porting existing software much simpler.

During the mid-1980s, Telemap Group Ltd launched a fee-based service allowing users to connect their ZX Spectrums via a Prism Micro Products VTX5000 modem to a viewdata service known as Micronet 800, hosted by Prestel. This service pre-dated the web, but offered many of the services now considered commonplace.

Software

A screenshot from Rebelstar, a well-known Spectrum game

Main article: ZX Spectrum software

The Spectrum enjoys a vibrant, dedicated fan-base. Since it was cheap and simple to learn to use and program, the Spectrum was the starting point for many programmers. The hardware limitations of the Spectrum imposed a special level of creativity on game designers, and so many Spectrum games are very creative and playable even by today's standards. The early Spectrum models' great success as a games platform came in spite of its lack of built-in joystick ports, primitive sound generation, and colour support that was optimised for text display.

The Spectrum family enjoys a very large software library of more than 20,000 titles which is still increasing. While most of these are games, the library is very diverse, including programming language implementations, databases (eg VU-File), word processors (eg Tasword II), spreadsheets (eg VU-Calc), drawing and painting tools (eg OCP Art Studio), and even 3D-modelling (e.g. VU-3D) as well as astronomy and astrology programs and archaeology software.

Distribution

Most Spectrum software was originally distributed on audio cassette tapes. The Spectrum was intended to work with a normal domestic cassette recorder, and despite differences in audio reproduction fidelity, the software loading process was quite reliable, if somewhat slow (by today's standards).

Although the ZX Microdrive was initially greeted with good reviews, it never took off as a distribution method due to worries about the quality of the cartridges and piracy. Hence the main use became to complement tape releases, usually utilities and niche products like the Tasword word processing software and Trans Express, (a tape to microdrive copying utility). No games are known to be exclusively released on Microdrive.

Despite the popularity of the DISCiPLE and +D systems, most software released for them took the form of utility software. The ZX Spectrum +3 enjoyed much more success when it came to commercial software releases on floppy disk. More than 700 titles were released on 3-inch disk from 1987 to 1997.

Software was also distributed through print media; magazines and books. The reader would type the Sinclair BASIC program listing into the computer by hand, run it, and could save it to tape for later use. The software distributed in this way was in general simpler and slower than its assembly language counterparts. Magazines also printed long lists of checksummed hexadecimal digits with machine code games or tools.

Another software distribution method was to broadcast the audio stream from the cassette on another medium and have users record it onto an audio cassette themselves. In radio or television shows in many European countries, the host would describe a program, instruct the audience to connect a cassette tape recorder to the radio or TV and then broadcast the program over the airwaves in audio format. Some magazines distributed 7" 33 rpm flexidisc records, a variant of regular vinyl records which could be played on a standard record player. These disks were known as floppy ROMs.

Copying and backup software

Many copierstilities to copy programs from audio tape to another tape, microdrive tapes, and later on diskettesere available for the Spectrum. As a response to this, publishers introduced copy protection measures to their software, including different loading schemes. Other methods for copy prevention were also used including asking for a particular word from the documentation included with the gameften a novella like in Silicon Dreams trilogyr another physical device distributed with the software.g. Lenslok as used in Elite. Special hardware, such as Romantic Robot's Multiface, was able to dump a copy of the ZX Spectrum RAM to disk/tape at the press of a button, entirely circumventing the copy protection systems.

Most Spectrum software has, in recent years, been converted to current media and is available for download. One popular program for converting Spectrum files from tape is Taper; it allows connecting a cassette tape player to the line in port of a sound card, orhrough a simple home-built deviceo the parallel port of a PC. Once in files on a host machine, the software can be executed on one of many emulators, on virtually any platform available today.

The largest on-line archive of ZX Spectrum software is World of Spectrum, with more than 18,000 titles. The legality of this practice is still in question and a number of copyright holders have explicitly objected to the posting of their software, with which some Spectrum abandonware sites have usually complied.

Notable developers

A number of current leading games developers and development companies began their careers on the ZX Spectrum, including David Perry of Shiny Entertainment, and Tim and Chris Stamper (founders of Ultimate Play The Game, now known as Rare, maker of many famous titles for Nintendo and Microsoft game consoles). Other prominent games developers include Julian Gollop (Chaos, Rebelstar, X-COM series), Matthew Smith (Manic Miner, Jet Set Willy), Jon Ritman (Match Day, Head Over Heels), The Oliver Twins (the Dizzy series), Clive Townsend (Saboteur), Pete Cooke (Tau Ceti), Mike Singleton (The Lords of Midnight,War In Middle Earth), and Alan Cox. Although the Spectrum's audio hardware was not as capable as that of the Commodore 64, computer musicians David Whittaker and Tim Follin produced notable multi-channel music for the machine.

Jeff Minter ported some of his Commodore VIC-20 games for the ZX Spectrum.

Community

The ZX Spectrum enjoyed a very strong community early on. Several dedicated magazines were released including Sinclair User (1982), Your Sinclair (1983) and CRASH (1984). Early on they were very technically oriented with type-in programs and machine code tutorials. Later on they became almost completely game-oriented. Several general contemporary computer magazines covered the ZX Spectrum in more or less detail. They included Computer Gamer, Computer and Video Games, Computing Today, Popular Computing Weekly, Your Computer and The Games Machine.

The Spectrum is affectionately known as the Speccy by elements of its fan following.

More than 80 electronic magazines existed, mostly in Russian. Most notable of them were AlchNews (UK), ZX-Format (Russia), and Spectrofon (Russia).

See also

SAM Coup A Similar system, often considered a clone of the ZX Spectrum.

ZX Spectrum graphic modes

List of ZX Spectrum games

List of ZX Spectrum clones

History of computing hardware (1960s-present)

References

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^ "News". Sinclair User (16): 17. July 1983. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/016/news.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-19. 

^ Collins, Paul Equinox. "Spectrum references in popular music". http://equ.in/ox/spectrum/music/. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. "Sinclair Inforseek". World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekadv.cgi?type=Copy. Retrieved 20080918. 

^ Barker, Andy. "ZX Spectrum Loading Schemes". http://newton.sunderland.ac.uk/~specfreak/Schemes/schemes.html. Retrieved 20080918. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. "Taper". World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/taper.html. Retrieved 2008-09-12. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. "World of Spectrum  Software  Copyrights and Distribution Permissions". World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/permits/. Retrieved 2008-09-12. 

^ Bezroukov, Nikolai. "Alan Cox: and the Art of Making Beta Code Work". Portraits of Open Source Pioneers. http://www.softpanorama.org/People/Cox/index.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-18. 

^ Minter, Jeff. "Llamasoft History  Part 8 - The Dawn of Llamasoft". http://www.llamasoft.co.uk/lshistory8.php. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 

^ "The Top Shelf  magazines, comics and papers of the near past.". TV Cream's Top Shelf. http://tv.cream.org/specialassignments/topshelf/arjcomp.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-10. 

^ "The YS Top 100 Speccy Games Of All Time (Ever!)". Your Sinclair (70): 31. October 1991. http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-13. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sinclair ZX Spectrum

World of Spectrum  Fan site officially endorsed by Amstrad

Planet Sinclair  Spectrum pages

ZX Spectrum at the Open Directory Project

ZXF magazine

The Incomplete Spectrum ROM Assembly and actual assembly listing

comp.sys.sinclair Newsgroup covering all Sinclair computers

Sinclair Spectrum development  more preproduction designs of the Spectrum from Rick Dickinson

The Anatomy/Dissection of a Spectrum +2B Photographic study of a +2B vs the screwdriver

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Sinclair computers, derivatives, and clones (ZX80/81, ZX Spectrum, and QL clones)

Sinclair Research

ZX80  ZX81  ZX Spectrum, Spectrum+, Spectrum 128  QL

Amstrad

ZX Spectrum +2  ZX Spectrum +3

Timex Sinclair

TS 1000  TS 1500  TS 2048  TC 2048  TS 2068, TC 2068

Others

Jupiter Ace  SAM Coup  Didaktik  Dubna 48K  Hobbit  Pentagon  Scorpion  Sprinter  One Per Desk  CST Thor  Q40/Q60  Komputer 2086

Sinclair Research Peripherals

ZX Printer  ZX Interface 1  ZX Interface 2  Microdrive

Timex Peripherals

TS1016  TS2020  TS2040  TS2050  TS2090  FDD  FDD3000  TIRS232

Categories: English inventions | Home computers | ZX Spectrum | Sinclair Research | 1982 introductions
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The Lord of the Rings (1978 Animated Movie) [Blu-ray] $13.96 Hobbits, elves, wizards, Orcs, Ring Wraiths and the other strange inhabitants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle Earth fantasy trilogy are brought to stunning life in this animated saga by Ralph Bakshi. Join Frodo Baggins and his comrades on a dangerous mission to destroy the magic One Ring of Power before its evil can be unleashed. 133 min. Widescreen (Enhanced); Soundtracks: English Dolby TrueHD 5.1, Do...

The Hobbit $12.98 The J.R.R. Tolkien fantasy classic set in Middle-earth was adapted into this excellent 1978 animated feature first broadcast on television. Codirectors Jules Bass and Arthur Rankin Jr., working from a script by Romeo Muller, are faithful to Tolkien's story and for that alone they get big points. The vocal cast can't be improved upon: Orson Bean is perfect as Bilbo Baggins, the timorous hobbit who ...

The Hobbit Complete 5-Disc Audiobook Set Sideshow Collectibles proudly presents BBC Radio's 'The Hobbit' Audiobook by J.R.R. Tolkien, dramatized by Michael Kigarriff. Tolkien's famous saga, the prelude to 'The Lord of the Rings' trilogy, has all the ingredients of fantastic adventure: dwarves, elves, goblins and trolls, a fearsome dragon, a great wizard, a perilous quest, and a dramatic climax. This radio dramatization became a classic w...

J.R.R. Tolkien Boxed Set (The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings) $14.94 Editorial Reviews Amazon.com Review Hobbits and wizards and Sauron--oh, my! Mild-mannered Oxford scholar John Ronald Reuel Tolkien had little inkling when he published The Hobbit; Or, There and Back Again in 1937 that, once hobbits were unleashed upon the world, there would be no turning back. Hobbits are, of course, small, furry creatures who love nothing better than a leisurely life quite free f...

The Hobbit: 75th Anniversary Edition $17.99 This deluxe hardcover edition of J.R.R. Tolkien's classic prelude to his Lord of the Rings trilogy contains a short introduction by Christopher Tolkien, a reset text incorporating the most up-to-date corrections, and all of Tolkien’s own drawings and full-color illustrations, including the rare “Mirkwood” piece. J.R.R. Tolkien's own description for the original edition: "If you car...

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Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest $8.98 Celebrate the arrival of the True King! Preparations are underway in Hobbiton for a great party to wele King Aragorn and honor Sam for his service during the War of the King. The children of the town areeager to learn more of this great man and so Sam embarks on a tale of Strider as you embark on his greatest quests from the Lord of the Rings trilogy. Use fierce swordplay archery skills and horse-...

The Hobbit $9.99 J.R.R. Tolkien's fantasy masterpiece The Hobbit is a tale of high adventure undertaken by a company of dwarves in search of dragon-guarded gold. A reluctant partner in this perilous quest is Bilbo Baggins a comfort-loving unambitious hobbit who surprises even himself by his resourcefulness and skill as a burglar. Encounters with trolls goblins dwarves elves and giant spiders conversations with the dragon Smaug and a rather unwilling presence at the Battle of the Five Armies are just some of the adventures that befall Bilbo. Bilbo Baggins has taken his place among the ranks of the immortals of children's fiction. Written by Professor Tolkien for his own children The Hobbit met with instant critical acclaim when published.

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The Hobbit and the Lord of the Rings $45 "This four volume, deluxe paperback boxed set contains J.R.R. Tolkien's epic masterworks THE HOBBIT and the three volumes of THE LORD OF THE RINGS (THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING, THE TWO TOWERS, and THE RETURN OF THE KING) in their definitive text settings complete with maps and cover illustrations by the celebrated artist Alan Lee. In THE HOBBIT, Bilbo Baggins is whisked away from his comfortable, unambitious life in Hobbiton by the wizard Gandalf and a company of dwarves. He finds himself caught up in a plot to raid the treasure hoard of Smaug the Magnificent, a THE LORD OF THE RINGS tells of the great and dangerous quest undertaken by Frodo Baggins and the Fellowship of the Ring: Gandalf the wizard; the hobbits Merry, Pippin, and Sam; Gimli the dwarf; Legolas the elf; Boromir of Gondor; and a tall, mysterious stranger called Strider. J.R.R. Tolkien's three volume masterpiece is at once a classic myth and a modern fairy tale -- a story of high and heroic adventure set in the unforgettable landscape of Middle-Earth."

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The Annotated Hobbit: The Hobbit, Or, There and Back Again $24.99 No Synopsis Available

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10br - A Hobbit Studio $136 This is a designated Heritage Property with classic architectural details. We are located on an acre of land in the middle of Victoria. We are accessible to all that Victoria has to offer, but very quiet as we are surrounded by gardens. Walk to downtown,...

The Hobbit: Or There and Back Again $6.99 No Synopsis Available

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The Hobbit: Or, There and Back Again $14.95 No Synopsis Available

Essential Tolkien $12.95 J.R.R. Tolkien, in this extraordinary, historically important recording, leads listeners with prose, poems, and songs into the fantastic world of The Hobbit and The Fellowship of the Ring. This audio is based on a tape that Tolkien made for his friends in August 1952. He had been working on The Lord of the Rings for more than fourteen years by then and had almost given up hope of ever seeing it in print. But making this recording reassured him of his talent and prompted him to send his manuscripts to a former pupil who had become a publisher. The result was one of the most popular and influential series of novels of the 20th century! This recording includes the poem The Mirror of Galadriel, originally meant for inclusion in Book Two of The Fellowship of the Ring.

Essential Tolkien: The Hobbit and The Fellowship of the Ring $6.7 J.R.R. Tolkien, in this extraordinary, historically important recording, leads listeners with prose, poems, and songs into the fantastic world of The Hobbit and The Fellowship of the Ring. This audio is based on a tape that Tolkien made for his friends in August 1952. He had been working on The Lord of the Rings for more than fourteen years by then and had almost given up hope of ever seeing it in print. But making this recording reassured him of his talent and prompted him to send his manuscripts to a former pupil who had become a publisher. The result was one of the most popular and influential series of novels of the 20th century! This recording includes the poem "The Mirror of Galadriel," originally meant for inclusion in Book Two of The Fellowship of the Ring.

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Lord of the Rings-Fellowship of the Ring (Platinum Series Special Extended Edition Collector's Gift Set-Dts) $65 Based on J.R.R. Tolkien's masterpiece, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring is an epic adventure of good against evil, the power of friendship and individual courage. The saga centers around an unassuming Hobbit named Frodo Baggins who inherits a Ring that would give a dark and powerful lord the power to enslave the world. With a loyal fellowship of elves, dwarves, men and a wizard, Frodo embarks on a heroic quest to destroy the One Ring and pave the way for the emergence of mankind. Discs 1-2: The Feature: Four Audio Commentaries by Director and Writers, the Design Team, the Production Team and the Cast (Featuring more than 30 participants including Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen and Academy Award winners Richard Taylor, Andrew Lesnie, Howard Shore, Jim Rygiel, Randy Cook and more) Disc 3: From Book To Vision: Adapting the Book into a Screenplay & Planning the Film Designing and Building Middle-earth Storyboards to Pre-Visualization Weta Workshop Visit: An up-close look at the weapons, armor, creatures and miniatures from the film Atlas of Middle-earth: Tracing the Journey of the Fellowship An Interactive Map of New Zealand Highlighting the Location Scouting Process Galleries of Art and Slideshows with Commentaries by the Artists Guided Tour of the Wardrobe Department Footage from Early Meetings, Moving Storyboards and Pre-Visualization Reels Disc 4: From Vision To Reality Bringing the Characters to Life A Day in the Life of a Hobbit Principal Photography: Stories from the Set Scale: Creating the Illusion of Size Galleries of Behind-The-Scenes Photographs and Personal Cast Photos Editorial and Visual Effects Multi-Angle Progressions Sound Design Demonstration

Lord/Hobbit $44.53 Used - Together on audio for the first time are all four books of the Middle Earth saga. Includes "The Hobbit, " the magical prelude to the Lord of the Rings trilogy, and all three volumes of the trilogy: "The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, " and "The Return of the King." These productions are fully dramatized, complete with music and sound effects. 13 CDs.

Middle-Earth Adaptations $19.99 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Adaptations of the Lord of the Rings, Works Inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien, Adaptations of the Hobbit. Excerpt: March 1953 saw the first authorized adaptation of the book The Hobbit , a stage production by St. Margaret's School, Edinburgh . The Hobbit has since been adapted for other media many times including adaptations for stage, screen, radio, and gaming, both board and video games.Several of these adaptations have received critical recognition of their own, including a video game that won the Golden Joystick Award, a scenario of a war game that won an Origins Award , and an animated picture nominated for a Hugo Award .Dramatizations The following is a list of dramatizations of The Hobbit. begin{sloppypar item The BBC Radio 4 series The Hobbit radio drama was an adaptation by Michael Kilgarriff , broadcast in eight parts (four total hours) from September to November 1968. It starred Anthony Jackson as narrator, Paul Daneman as Bilbo and Heron Carvic as Gandalf. The series was released on audio cassette in 1988 and on CD in 1997. item In 1968, J. R. R. Tolkien authorized Pauline Gray's adaptation for the stage. This dramatization makes changes to the original plot, removing sections and giving Thorin the role of dragon-slayer, amongst other deviations. Many productions of this version have been performed up to the present day. item In 1972, The Hobbit: A Musical was published by Dramatic Publishing. The book is by Ruth Perry, the music is by Allan Jay Friedman, and the lyrics are by David Rogers. item Nicol Williamson played over twenty different characters, each with a unique voice, in an adaptation directed by Harely Usill. This performance was released on four LP records in 1974 by Argo Records .Cover of the cassette edition of Nicol Williamson 's dramatization of

The J.R.R. Tolkien Audio Collection $9.44 New - This landmark collection includes selections from Tolkien's beloved works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, The Road Ever Goes On, and Adventures of Tom Bambadil.

The J.R.R. Tolkien Audio Collection $4.65 Used - This landmark collection includes selections from Tolkien's beloved works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, The Road Ever Goes On, and Adventures of Tom Bambadil.

The Tolkien Audio Collection $23.49 Used - For generations, J R R Tolkien's words have brought to thrilling life a world of hobbits, magic, and historic myth, woken from its foggy slumber within our minds. Here, he tells the tales in his own voice. Of historic note, these selections from 'The Hobbit' and 'The Lord of the Rings' are based on a tape recording Tolkien made in 1952, which inspired him to continue his own quest to see his vision in print. Also included is a never-published poem, "The Mirror of Galadriel," originally i

The Tolkien Audio Collection $23.49 New - For generations, J R R Tolkien's words have brought to thrilling life a world of hobbits, magic, and historic myth, woken from its foggy slumber within our minds. Here, he tells the tales in his own voice. Of historic note, these selections from 'The Hobbit' and 'The Lord of the Rings' are based on a tape recording Tolkien made in 1952, which inspired him to continue his own quest to see his vision in print. Also included is a never-published poem, "The Mirror of Galadriel," originally in